draft ( bio ppt)
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 1/12
Final Presentation Rubric
Activity: Draft Presentation
Course: Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2)
Name: Priya Patel
Project title Slide Acceptable Developing Absent Criterion Score
Descriptive
Project Title
2 / 2
Student Name
and Date
1 / 2
1 point
The project title is
not detailed or
descriptive
0 points
The project title is
absent.
2 points
Student name and
the presentation
date are included.
0 points
A title slide does not
exist.
Criterion Feedback
Refer to Postlab Ex.2 instructions and associated rubric to find the expectations for inclusion of
student names and date of presentation.
Introduction Good Acceptable Developing Insufficient
Criterion
Score
Wolbachia Background
Information
9 / 96 points
Presentation
provides some
relevant
information
about Wolbac
hia infection in
insect &
nematode
populations.
3 points
The
description of
Wolbachia is
provided but is
either too
detailed or not
detailed
enough or is
incorrect.
0 points
No
background
information
about
Wolbachia is
provided.
2 points
Title slide is detailed
and descriptive.
1 point
Student name or the
presentation date is
missing.
9 points
A concise yet
comprehensiv
e description
of relevant
information
about
Wolbachia and
its impact on
insect &
nematode
populations is
provided.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 2/12
Introduction Good Acceptable Developing Insufficient
Criterion
Score
Human Health Relevance 9 / 9
Project Rationale 4 / 4
6 points
Some
information
about human
health
relevance of
Wolbachia is
correctly
presented.
3 points
The human
health
relevance of
Wolbachia is
provided but is
either too
detailed for
one slide,
barely
mentioned, or
incorrect.
0 points
The human
health
relevance of
Wolbachia is
not
mentioned.
0 points 2 points
An attempt is
made to
address the
project
rationale, but
it does not
address the
purpose of all
BIOL 1107L
students, OR
the individual
student
benefit of the
Wolbachia
project is not
clearly
described, OR
both are
presented but
not
specifically
and clearly
described.
0 points
Description of
the project
rationale is not
present.
Experimental
Design
Acceptable Developing Absent Criterion Score
9 points
A brief and
relevant
description of
the human
health
relevance of
Wolbachia is
provided.
One filariasis
and one viral
disease are
mentioned.
4 points
Both the
purpose of all
BIOL 1107L
students’
involvement
AND the
individual
student
benefit of the
Wolbachia
project are
specifically
and clearly
described.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 3/12
Experimental
Design
Acceptable Developing Absent Criterion Score
Flowchart 3 / 6
6 points
Complete flowchart
is clearly presented.
0 points
No flowchart is
presented.
Criterion Feedback
Outline of activities as in the Lab Manual.
Refer to Postlab Ex.2 instructions and associated rubric to find the expectations for presentation
of the experimental design flowchart.
Insect
Collection, ID,
and
Background
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Insect
Collection
5 / 53 points
Some descriptive
details (of day,
time, location,
habitat,
collection
technique) are
missing.
1 point
Some descriptive
details (of day,
time, location,
habitat,
collection
technique) are
missing.
0 points
No descriptive
details (of day,
time, location,
habitat,
collection
technique) from
insect sample
collection were
given.
3 points
A flowchart is
presented but
problems exist.
5 points
All descriptive
details (day, time,
location, habitat,
collection
technique) from
insect sample
collection are
presented.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 4/12
Insect
Collection, ID,
and
Background
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Insect
Drawings
10 / 10
Insect
Identification
4 / 4
Insect Order
Background
Information
3 / 3
6 points
Problems exist
with the student
drawings.
Original student
drawings of
appropriate size
must be clearly
and
appropriately
labeled and
presented.
3 points
Problems exists
with the student
drawings.
Original student
drawings of
appropriate size
must be clearly
and
appropriately
labeled and
presented.
0 points
Original student
drawings are not
present.
1 point
Insect Order is
presented but is
incorrect.
1 point
Insect Order is
presented but is
incorrect.
0 points
Insect Order is
not identified.
2 points
Information
about the diet,
lifecycle, habitat,
and an
interesting fact
about the insect
in the scientific
Order is missing.
1 point
Information
about the diet,
lifecycle, habitat,
and an
interesting fact
about the insect
in the scientific
Order is missing.
0 points
No background
information
about the insect
Order is
provided.
Prediction and
Supporting
Information
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
10 points
Original student
drawings of
appropriate size
are clearly
presented.
Appropriate
labels are legible.
4 points
Insect Order is
clearly and
correctly
identified.
3 points
The diet,
lifecycle, habitat,
and one
interesting fact
about the insect
in the scientific
Order are
described.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 5/12
Prediction and
Supporting
Information
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Journal Article
#1
6 / 6
Journal Article
#2
4 / 6
4 points
Information from
a peer-reviewed
source is missing.
2 points
Information from
a peer-reviewed
source is missing.
0 points
No information
from a peer-
reviewed
scientific journal
article is
presented.
6 points
Information
about Wolbachia
prevalence,
reproductive
phenotypes,
location, climate,
and habitat from
a peer-reviewed
scientific journal
is presented.
2 points
Information from
a peer-reviewed
source is missing.
0 points
No information
from a peer-
reviewed
scientific journal
article is
presented.
Criterion Feedback
Identify your second article with 62% prevalence.
Refer to the directions and associated rubric for Postlab Exercise 3 to find the expectations for
the presentation of Wolbachia infection information from a peer-reviewed scientific article.
6 points
Information
about Wolbachia
prevalence,
reproductive
phenotypes,
location, climate,
and habitat from
a peer-reviewed
scientific journal
is presented.
4 points
Information from
a peer-reviewed
source is missing.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 6/12
Prediction and
Supporting
Information
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Local
Collection
Information
3 / 3
Prediction 6 / 6
2 points
Information from
the local
collection data is
missing.
1 point
Information from
the local
collection data is
missing.
0 points
No information
from the local
collection data is
presented.
4 points
A prediction and
the supporting
rationale are
presented, but
problems exist.
2 points
A prediction and
the supporting
rationale are
presented, but
problems exist.
0 points
No attempt at a
prediction or
supporting
rationale are
provided.
Molecular
Biology
Results
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
DNA
Extraction
8 / 1212 points
A complete table
of the results
from DNA
extraction with
only necessary
elements is
presented.
4 points
The table of
results from
DNA extraction
is missing
information or
includes
unnecessary
information.
0 points
No table that
presents the
results of DNA
extraction is
presented.
3 points
Information
about Wolbachia
prevalence,
location, and
climate from the
the local
collection data is
presented.
6 points
An
appropriately-
constructed
prediction is
presented
clearly.
Appropriate
rationale for the
prediction is
presented.
8 points
The table of
results from
DNA extraction
is missing
information or
includes
unnecessary
information.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 7/12
Molecular
Biology
Results
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Expected
Results of
PCR
5 / 8
Gel
Electrophoresi
s
2 / 8
Criterion Feedback
Refer to the directions and associated rubric for Postlab Exercise 5 to find the expectations for
the tabular presentation of DNA extraction data.
8 points
A complete table
that describes
the expected
PCR results of
control and
unknown
samples with
only necessary
elements is
presented.
2 points
Table of
expected PCR
results of control
and unknown
samples is
missing
information or
includes
unnecessary
information.
0 points
No table that
presents the
expected results
from PCR for
controls and
unknown
samples is
presented.
Criterion Feedback
Refer to the directions and associated rubric for Postlab Exercise 7B to find the expectations for
the tabular presentation of expected PCR results from controls and student samples.
8 points
Gel image is
clearly labeled
and presented
with only
necessary
information
about the results
of gel
electrophoresis.
5 points
Problems exist
with the
presentation of
gel
electrophoresis
results.
0 points
Gel image is not
included.
5 points
Table of
expected PCR
results of control
and unknown
samples is
missing
information or
includes
unnecessary
information.
2 points
Problems exist
with the
presentation of
gel
electrophoresis
results.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 8/12
Molecular
Biology
Results
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Criterion Feedback
You were required to download the provided gels.
Refer to the directions and associated rubric for Postlab Exercise 7B to find the expectations for
the presentation gel electrophoresis results.
Conclusions/R
eflections
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Evaluation of
Prediction
6 / 6
Relevance of
Conclusions
2 / 6
4 points
Student data are
not clearly linked
to the prediction,
and/or student
did not clearly
describe whether
the prediction
was supported or
not.
2 points
Student data are
not clearly linked
to the prediction,
and/or student
did not clearly
describe whether
the prediction
was supported or
not.
0 points
Student did not
evaluate the
prediction after
completing the
experiment.
6 points
Relevance of
conclusions is
discussed as they
relate to
information
obtained from
peer-reviewed
scientific journal
articles and the
local collection
data.
4 points
An attempt to
discuss the
relevance of the
conclusions as
they relate to
data obtained
from peer-
reviewed
scientific journal
articles and the
local collection
data.
0 points
Relevance of the
conclusions was
not discussed.
6 points
Presentation
clearly and
correctly
describes how
the results
support or do
not the
prediction.
2 points
An attempt to
discuss the
relevance of the
conclusions as
they relate to
data obtained
from peer-
reviewed
scientific journal
articles and the
local collection
data.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 9/12
Conclusions/R
eflections
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Reflection 2 / 3
Criterion Feedback
Refer to the directions and associated rubric for Postlab Exercise 7B to find the expectations for
the presentation gel electrophoresis results.
3 points
A thoughtful,
unique reflection
is presented in
detail.
1 point
A reflection is
presented but is
not detailed,
unique, or
thoughtful.
0 points
No reflection is
presented.
Criterion Feedback
Refer to the directions and associated rubric for Postlab Exercise 7B to find the expectations for
the presentation gel electrophoresis results.
References Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Comprehensiv
e Citations
8 / 8
Style Guide
Superscript
Numbering
System
8 / 8
5 points
Most information
and/or images
that require
citations are
referenced.
2 points
Some
information
and/or images
that require
citations are
referenced.
0 points
References are
not included.
5 points
A few references
are missing
superscript
references.
2 points
Many references
are missing
superscript
references.
0 points
No superscript
references are
used.
2 points
A reflection is
presented but is
not detailed,
unique, or
thoughtful.
8 points
All information
and images that
require citations
are referenced.
8 points
Presentation
follows the
instructions in
the Postlab
assignments and
in the Style
Guide.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 10/12
References Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Citation
Style/Format
6 / 64 points
Most references
are properly
presented.
2 points
Some references
are properly
presented.
0 points
References are
not included.
Professional
Presentation
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Slide Titles 6 / 6
Information
Flow
6 / 6
Paraphrasing 6 / 6
4 points
Some slide titles
are missing,
and/or some
slide titles are
not descriptive.
2 points
Many slide titles
are missing,
and/or many
slide titles are
not descriptive.
0 points
No slide titles are
present.
4 points
Slides were not
well-organized,
or some slides
were missing.
2 points
Slides were not
well-organized,
or some slides
were missing.
0 points
4 points
Work exhibits at
least one or a
few quotation(s),
and/or
information is
paraphrased
poorly, indicating
a poor
understanding of
the material.
2 points
Work includes
extensive
quotations (more
than two)
indicating little
to no
understanding of
the material.
0 points
6 points
All references
are properly
presented.
6 points
All slides have
appropriate,
descriptive titles.
6 points
Slides are
organized so that
presentation tells
a clear, concise
story.
6 points
Information is
appropriately
paraphrased in
an easy flow of
words that
indicates
understanding of
the content.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 11/12
Professional
Presentation
Acceptable Developing Developing Absent Criterion Score
Amount of
Text
6 / 6
Font Size 4 / 6
Overlapping
Text/Images
6 / 6
Spelling and
Grammar
6 / 6
Scientific
Names
3 / 3
4 points
Too much or too
little text was
included on a
few slides.
2 points
Too much or too
little text was
included on
many slides.
0 points
6 points
Font size of text
is appropriate.
2 points
Font size is too
small on many
slides.
0 points
Criterion Feedback
The Style Guide includes guidelines for the appropriate font size of text on PowerPoint slides and
examples.
4 points
A few slides
exhibited text
and/or images
that overlapped
or were not
clear.
2 points
Most slides
exhibited text
and/or images
that overlapped
or were not
clear.
0 points
4 points
Some spelling or
grammar
problems exist.
2 points
Many problems
with spelling
and/or grammar
exist.
0 points
2 points
Scientific names
are not written
appropriately.
Scientific names
like Wolbachia
are italicized or
underlined.
1 point
Scientific names
are not written
appropriately.
Scientific names
like Wolbachia
are italicized or
underlined.
0 points
Scientific names
are not included.
Scientific names
like Wolbachia
are italicized or
underlined.
6 points
Appropriate
amount of text
was included on
the slides.
4 points
Font size is too
small on a few
slides.
6 points
Text and images
on slides did not
overlap. Slides
were clearly
presented.
6 points
No spelling or
grammar errors
exist.
3 points
Scientific names
are written
appropriately.
4/13/22, 9:06 PM Feedback for Draft Presentation – Spring 2022 – Principles of Biology I Lab (BIOL-1107L-OF2) – Georgia Southern University
https://georgiasouthern.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/dropbox/user/folder_user_view_feedback.d2l?db=723142&grpid=0&isprv=0&bp=0&ou=689491 12/12
Total 184 / 210
Overall Score
Images Good Acceptable Developing Absent Criterion Score
Appropriate
Images
9 / 9
Image
Appearance
4 / 4
6 points
Some additional,
relevant images
are included.
3 points
Only a few
relevant images
are present.
0 points
No relevant
images are
present.
0 points 2 points
Images are
distorted or
inappropriately
cropped or
presented.
0 points
No relevant
images are
present.
General
Appearance
Good Acceptable Developing Developing Criterion Score
General
Appearance
12 / 128 points
Presentation
presents
information
appropriately.
4 points
Presentation
appears in the
‘draft’ stage:
more effort is
needed to
generate a
professional
presentation.
0 points
Presentation is
missing slides
and important
information.
A
189 points
minimum
B
168 points
minimum
C
147 points
minimum
D
126 points
minimum
F
0 points
minimum
9 points
Many additional,
relevant images
are included.
4 points
All images
appear without
distortion and
are appropriately
presented.
12 points
Presentation is
polished, and
significant
student effort is
obvious.
Priya Patel
Life cycle of Wolbachia
Introduction to Wolbachia
Wolbachia are primary reproductive parasites.
Their effects on hosts include inducing parthenogenesis, male killing and feminization2.
Effects of Wolbachia on insects species include:
Manipulating reproduction cycle.
Establishes stable association via vertical transmission.
z
Impacts of Wolbachia on Human Health
Wolbachia impacts on insects directly affects human beings.
When they manifest in insects that live with humans in the same environment, chances of disease causes or transmission is high.
Lymphatic filariasis: Caused by nematodes which are roundworms under family Filariodidea.
human onchocerciasis: Also caused by nematodes.
z
Rationale for Project Participation
GSU participates because in order to;
Expand their professional field and knowledge
Strengthen their careers
Enhance their academic performance and contribution.
As an individual the project will help improve my collaborative skills while mentoring me to joining the right field1.
z
Experiment Flowchart
| Make observation |
| Construct Hypothesis |
| Report Results |
| Drawing Conclusion |
| Test Experiment |
| Order of activities |
z
Date and Photograph
Insect I collected is ANT.
Date of collection: 24th January 2022, Monday
Time of collection: 12:00 am.
Location of collection: I found on the floor, may be about to get the food which somebody dropped it in the kitchen of my house.
Environment of collection: Ants may be found near their food sources, moisture and in hidden, protected places like wall voids, under appliances, behind window frames and beneath floors. Ants are commensal pests, meaning they like to live close to people and eat some of the same things we do – sweets, meats, starches and liquids.
z
Orthoptera drawing and label
Two pairs of fully developed wings, which extend, thick and veiny
Back legs for jumping
z
7
Orthoptera
z
Orthopterans can be found in many types of terrestrial environments. Depending on the species, they are usually seen in conjunction with plants at all levels of the vegetation hierarchy, from the ground to the canopy, in burrows in the soil, or migrating through open ground. Among the types of shelter used by orthopterans are general hiding spots among living plant foliage and dead leaves on the ground, as well as unique buildings.
8
Habitat
Low lying plants
Grass filed
Diet
Plants (Flowers, grasses, wheat, corn)
Unique trait
They can jump u to 20 times the length of their body
Wolbachia infection
z
With the information collected from last year and my new knowledge contributed too by the journal articles here is my prediction. The presence of Wolbachia in the Orthoptera I collected at aromstrong campus will undergo a DNA testing after this process the Orthoptera will not contain Wolbachia.
9
Prevalence 74.5% (Bugrov et al., 2016)
Habitat- tall grassy plains
Phenotype- male killing and feminization
Prevalence 62%
Habitat
Grassy areas
Phenotype
Pathogenesis of hosts
Male killing
cytoplasmic incompatibility
Prediction
z
10
Method of testing
DNA
Prediction
The orthoptera will not have Wolbachia
This due to;
lower number of infected hosts
Complete population replacement
INSECTS DETAIL TABLE
| Sample ID | Insect specimen identification | Insect specimen order name | Extracted DNA concentration | A260 | A280 | Extracted DNA ratio | Quality hint |
| MAC02FSP22-12 | Grasshopper | Insecta orthoptera | 800bp | 3.4 | 1.97 | 1.72 | Clean sample |
| MAC02FSP22-12 | Aphid | Aphis fabae | 700bp | 2.5 | 1.77 | 1.41 | Clean sample |
z
The sample is clean because the DNA results are large due to the presence of large genomes in grasshoppers with an average value of 9Gb due to huge value of DNA that tends to be repetitive.
Besides DNA, chromosome differentiation can be performed and also abdominal use such as removal.
Both insects tend to have large genosomes due to the large DNA.
Muscle tissue extraction from hind legs can also be applied.
Abudance in genomes especially the nuclear genome and chromosomes are also major requirements alongside the DNA.
The samples are clean because large DNA with a high A260/A280 ratio in the tissues that can also be noted f PCR is carried out.
Proteins should also be abundant in the sample since they tend to determine the A260/A280 ratio.
Nucleic acid and protein are very significant.
11
Bacterial cell
z
Animal cell
z
DNA Extraction and Quantification of Sample
| Sample ID | Order Name | [DNA] (ng/uL) | A260/A280 | Good Quality? (Yes/No) |
| RICOO3Sp21-21 | Dermaptera | 170.05 | 2.27 | Yes |
| RICOO3Sp21-22 | Blattaria | 7.5 | 1.66 | Yes |
Sample 21 may have a high level of RNA in the sample due to ratio being greater than 2.0.
Sample 22 rounds to 1.7, so both samples are good.
Ratio maybe due to a higher level of protein contaminates in sample.
z
DNA isolation can be extracted from different sources such as bacteria, plant, fungi and animal cells. Methods for the extraction of the DNA from the above-mentioned cells are different.
14
PCR Design and Sample Preparation
| Tube # | Name of the sample/control | Template DNA(insect sample /type control/none) | Master mix? ( CO1 and 16S rRNA primers) (Yes/No) |
Insect CO1 Gene | Wolbachia 16S rRNA Gene (uL) | Template DNA (insect sample/ type of control none) | PCR Grade water | Master Mix | Final Volume |
| 1 | RICOO3Sp21-21 | Negative control | Yes | + | – | 2uL | 0uL | 23uL | 25uL |
| 2 | RICOO3Sp21-22 | Negative control |
Yes | + | – | 2uL | 0uL | 23uL | 25uL |
z
The first step to proceed with a standard PCR is the primer design. You will need to determine which fragment of the DNA template you are looking to amplify, which will require you to know the DNA sequence of the template.
15
GEL Electrophoresis and Unknown Sample Result
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Gel electrophoresis is a technique by which DNA fragments get separated according to size (KB). The process of gel electrophoresis first requires a an agarose gel to be made. Generally 1% gel is made . The gel is made to separate fragments according to size which is then visualized by auto radiography.
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Reflection
Wolbachia has several useful effects; thereby making it an ideal candidate for dengue control.
The bacterium increases the vigour of the female Aedes mosquito thereby enabling the infection to spread to virtual fixation.
This is the reason why Wolbachia is often referred to as the selfish bacterium.
Besides, as Wolbachia infects a wide variety of hosts, one strain of the bacterium isolated from a particular species may be introduced into another species.
In addition, Wolbachia produces a range of effects that can be exploited for disease control.
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Wolbachia bacteria live inside the cells of many insects and some crustaceans and nematodes (roundworms), notably inside ovary and testis cells. Wolbachia survives by being passed down through insect generations within the egg cytoplasm. The result is that any Wolbachia that ends up in the body of a male insect will die when the insect host does.
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References
Ross, P. A., Turelli, M., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2019). Evolutionary ecology of Wolbachia releases for disease control. Annual review of genetics, 53, 93-116.
Tantowijoyo, W., Andari, B., Arguni, E., Budiwati, N., Nurhayati, I., Fitriana, I., … & O’Neill, S. L. (2020). Stable establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti populations in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 14(4), e0008157.
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References
Bugrov, A. G., Ilinsky, Y. Yu., Strunov, A., Zhukova, M., Kiseleva, E., Akimoto, S., & Tatsuta, H. (2016). First evidence ofWolbachiainfection in populations of grasshopperPodisma sapporensis(Orthoptera: Acrididae). Entomological Science, 19(3), 296–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12187
Ilinsky, Y., Demenkova, M., Bykov, R., & Bugrov, A. (2022). Narrow Genetic Diversity of Wolbachia Symbionts in Acrididae Grasshopper Hosts (Insecta, Orthoptera). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020853
Jeong, G., Ahn, J., Jang, Y., Choe, J. C., & Choi, H. (2012). Wolbachia infection in the Loxoblemmus complex (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 15(4), 563–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2012.07.002
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Reference
McNulty, S. N. (2019). Exploring the role of Wolbachia Endobacteria in the biology of filarial nematode parasites.
Hoy, M. A. (2018). Insect molecular genetics: An introduction to principles and applications. Academic Press.
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