Four questions to three readings: read and then briefly respond to each of these questions in three or four sentences.Below are the questions and the reading that will be associated to that question.E

Four questions to three readings: read and then briefly respond to each of these questions in three or four sentences.Below are the questions and the reading that will be associated to that question.E
To]by Balla]bty]be a]bd A]btoi]bette Burto]b Introduction: Bodies, Empires, and Wor??d Histories W e ??ive in a wor??d profound??y shaped by cross-cu??tura?? en-counters, s??avery, co??onization, and mi?àration. These forces have not on??y been centra?? in determinin?à the distribution of wea??th and power at a ?à??oba?? ??eve??, but they have a??so mo??ded the wor??d’s demo?àraphic pro???e, dictated where nationa?? boundaries have been inscribed, in?uenced the ??e?àa?? re?àimes that ?àovern peop??e’s ??ives, and shaped the ways diverent ethnic, r?ae??i?àious, racia??, and nationa?? com- munities re??ate to each other. The impact of co??onia??ism and the resu??ts of empire bui??din?à are not restricted to ‘‘hi?àh po??itics’’ and state practices, but a??so shape everyday ??ife at a ?à??oba?? ??eve??, in?uencin?à the ??an?àua?àes we speak, the c??othes we wear, the food we eat, the music we ??isten to, and the arts and cu??ture we are inspired by. The ??e?àacies of s??avery, empires, and mobi??ity are frequent??y painfu??, but they are inescapab??e: in many ways, these ??e?àacies are at the heart of what it is to be modern, what it is to be human, at the start of the twenty-?rst century. As a distinctive approach to the past, one that focuses on cross-cu??tura?? encounters, institutions, and ideo??o?àies and the inte?àrative power of vari- ous types of networks, wor??d history a????ows us to scrutinize the diverse forces that have brou?àht various communities into contact, concert, and con?ict. Wor??d history has enjoyed renewed popu??arity in recent years, in part because economists, socio??o?àists, anthropo??o?àists, and other stu- dents of the present moment are increasin?à??y interested in how areas of the ?à??obe that were once thou?àht to be distinct have actua????y been inter- connected for a very ??on?à time. It is no ??on?àer possib??e, or even desirab??e, Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 2I]btrodu]ftio]b to uncritica????y think in terms of ‘‘the West,’’ ‘‘Asia,’’ ‘‘Europe,’’ or ‘‘the Third Wor??d’’ — not on??y because each of those cate?àories tends to ho- mo?àenize the ?àeo?àraphica?? re?àion it evokes, but equa????y because a???? of those p??aces have been interdependent from the fourteenth century on- ward, if not before. Scho??ar?as have been at work inv?aesti?àatin?à what many of us in the ?rst decades of the twenty-?rst century take for ?àranted in the present: that because of trade, mi?àration, revo??ution, war, re??i?àion, and trave??, ?àoods, peop??e, ideas?a, and civi??izations the?amse??ves are a???? the res?au??t of transnationa?? processes. In other words — and to use a common buz?az- word of the moment — they are the resu??t of ‘‘?à??oba??ization.’’ Here we a?àree with Laura Bri?à?às that the term globalizatio]b is often ‘‘a p??aceho??der, a word with no exact meanin?à that we use in our contested evorts to describe the successors to deve??opment and co??onia??ism.’’ 8 Current de- bates on ?à??oba??ization emphasize some of the same processes of intercon- nection and mutua?? dependence that practitioners of wor??d history have examined in the past twenty years. Their teachin?à and research have su?à- ?àested that far from bein?à ?xed within borders or ??imited to ??oca?? commu- nities and nationa?? states, many of the wor??d’s most important com- modities, po??itica?? systems, and spiritua?? practices are the consequence of diverse cu??tura?? encounters over time and space — so much so that we now have to rethink terms ??ike ‘‘European pro?àress,’’ ‘‘Chinese trade,’’ and ‘‘Western Christianity.’’ Comin?à to these subje?acts from the perspective of wor??d history a????ows us to appreciate how they came to be identi?ed with such ?àeo?àraphica?? precision. It a??so underscores the ??imits of understand- in?à them mere??y as insu??ar nationa?? or territoria????y based phenomena. Wor??d history, in short, enab??es us to take a ?à??oba?? view of ostensib??y ??oca?? events, systems, and cu??tures and to reeva??uate the histories of connection and rupture that have ??eft their mark, in turn, on our contemporary condition. The in?uence of societies on each other across re?àions and, in some cases, across the ?à??obe does not mean, of course, that they have been uniform or anythin?à ??ike united, even at the same moments in history. This is in ??ar?àe part because empires and imperia?? ambitions have been amon?à the most powerfu?? sponsors of ‘‘cu??tura?? contact’’ — and of the processes of intermixture, borrowin?à, fusion, and appropriation that such contact has ?àiven rise to over the course of centuries. So, for exam- p??e, European cu??tures have been immeasurab??y shaped by their encoun- ters with African, Indian, and Mesoamerican peop??es in ways that make Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 Bodies, Empires, a]bd World Histories3 Europe itse??f one of the ?àreatest examp??es of transnationa??ity in the wor??d. But the often vio??ent imposition of European modernity on ‘‘subject peop??es’’ in the form of techno??o?ày, capita??ist ??abor practices, and the Christian civi??izin?à mission has meant that cu??tures on the receivin?à end of such contact have been in a reactive and at times defensive posture with respect to dominant forms of ‘‘?à??oba??’’ in?uence. Nor are such imperia?? strate?àies unique to the ‘‘West.’’ Both the Han and the Mu?àha?? empires produced simi??ar forms of co??onia?? encounter with the indi?àenous com- munities they came into contact with, mode??s of which ??ater, Western imperia?? advocates (notab??y the British) were ac?aute??y aware. The impact of empires on ?à??oba?? processes and transformations has thus been con- siderab??e, as we???? as historica????y si?àni?cant. That is why this co????ection focuses on the ro??e of imperia?? ideo??o?àies — their a?àents and their en- emies, their co????aborators and their resisters — in he??pin?à to shape wor??d history. A few caveats are in order. We use the term ‘‘empire’’ quite ??oose??y here, intendin?à it to mean webs of trade, know??ed?àe, mi?àration, mi??itary power, and po??itica?? intervention that a????owed certain communities to assert their in?uence and soverei?ànty over other ?àroups. = In other words, these ‘‘imperia?? webs’’ functioned as systems of exchan?àe, mobi??ity, ap- propriation, and extraction, fashioned to enab??e the empire-bui??din?à power to exp??oit the natura?? resources, manufactured ?àoods, or va??ued ski????s of the subordinated ?àroup. In overin?à the ima?àe of the web, we want to emphasize interconnected networks of contact and exchan?àe without downp??ayin?à the very rea?? systems of power and domination such networks had the power to transport. The web’s intricate strands carried with them and he??ped to create hierarchies of race, c??ass, re??i?àion, and ?àender, amon?à others, thereby castin?à the conquerors as superior and the conquered as subordinate, with important and ??in?àerin?à conse- quences for the communities they touched. We do not wish to su?à?àest that empires functioned as co??ossa?? ju?à?àernauts, razin?à everythin?à in their paths and puttin?à into p??ace system?as of domination that we?are unavected by ‘‘native’’ a?àency or uncontested by indi?àenous interests. Indeed, the ima?àe of the web a??so conveys somethin?à of the doub??e nature of the imperia?? system. Empires, ??ike webs, were fra?ài??e and prone to crises where important threads were broken or structura?? nodes destroyed, yet a??so dynamic, bein?à constant??y remade and recon??àured throu?àh con- certed thou?àht and evort. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 4I]btrodu]ftio]b As the essays that fo????ow amp??y demonstrate, empires have not simp??y been carriers or enab??ers of ?à??oba?? processes, they have in turn spawned new hybrid forms of economic activity, po??itica?? practice, and cu??tura?? performance that take on ??ives of their own — in part because of the ways co??onized peop??es and cu??tures have acted on or resisted imperia?? po??itica?? and socia?? forms. Nor do we want to imp??y that a???? wor??d history can be reduced simp??y to the fact of empires. Not on??y does such a c??aim stake too much ?àround for imperia?? histories, but it is in dan?àer of b??indin?à us to stories ??ar?àe and sma???? which cannot a??ways be ?à??impsed throu?àh the archives that empires ??eave behind. But we do be??ieve that tar?àetin?à em- pires is o]be way of makin?à sense of wor??d history because it requires us to pay attention to bi?à structura?? events and chan?àes as we???? as to ask what impact they had on microprocesses and the historica?? subjects who ??ived with and throu?àh them.?a Trackin?à empires in a ?à??ob?aa?? context is, in other?a words, one way of reima?àinin?à the wor??d’s history so that both its monu- menta?? qua??ity and its u??timate??y fra?àmented character can be captured simu??taneous??y. Why the focus on bodie?as as a means of accessin?a?à the co??onia?? encoun- ters in wor??d history? Quite simp??y, we are seekin?à a way to dramatize how, why, and under what conditions women and ?àender can be made visib??e in wor??d history — a cha????en?àe on many ??eve??s. Women do not tend to enter the primary source materia??s that remain from imperia?? and co??o- nia?? archives because, for the most part, they did not ho??d positions of o˜cia?? power. This absence has mean?at that it is di˜cu??t to?a see them, and to understand their historica?? ro??es, in wor??d civi??izations. There are ex- ceptions, of course. Queens and e??ite women can be recaptured from obscurity throu?àh texts and visua?? ima?àes; they dot the ??andscape of wor??d history textbooks and even some books devoted to women of the past across the ?à??obe. But this ??eaves us with a ??ess than satisfyin?à view of how women experienced the movement of history, how dominant and indi?àenous re?àimes saw them, and what ro??e ?àender has p??ayed in he??pin?à to shape civi??izationa?? attitudes as we???? as transnationa?? movements and processes. What is strikin?à, however, is the extent to which women’s bodies (and, to a ??esser de?àree, men’s) have been a subject of concern, scrutiny, anxiety, and survei????ance in a variety of times and p??aces across the wor??d. Whether it was native Indian women’s sexua??ity that caused concern for a co?a??oniz- in?à Catho??ic Church in co??onia?? Mexico or that of Japanese women under Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 Bodies, Empires, a]bd World Histories5 postwar U.S. mi??itary occupation, the fema??e body has ?àotten — and kept — the attention of imperia?? o˜cia??s in ways that demonstrate how crucia?? its mana?àement was be??ieved to be for socia?? order and po??itica?? stabi??ity. The stakes of this stabi??ity were perhaps especia????y hi?àh for impe- ria?? powers, which were d?ae facto tryin?à to impose speci?c ?apo??itica?? forms and cu??tura?? practices on often unwi????in?à popu??ations. What this means is that the body can be read by us as evidence of how women were viewed by, and how ?àender assumptions under?àirded, empires in a???? their com- p??exity. Some of the essays in this co????ection focus on the body very ex- p??icit??y, as in Patrick McDevitt’s essay on contact sport as a nationa?? pas- time in co??onia?? Ire??and and Hyun Sook Kim’s on the fate of ‘‘comfort women’’ in the context of Wor??d War II. Other essays use the body as a metaphor for citizenship and the nation, as in E??isa Camiscio??i’s work on interwar French immi?àration contro??s as expressions of concern about the racia?? purity of the ‘‘nationa?? body.’’ Others focus on examp??es of cu??tura?? contact throu?àh bodies ??itera????y in motion, ??ike Siobhan Lambert Hur??ey’s essay on the be?àam of Bhopa?? and Carter Vau?àhn Find??ey’s research on the Ottoman trave??er and writer Ahmed Midhat. Sti???? others, ??ike Me??ani McA??ister ’s essay that be?àins with Muhammad A??i, show how famous bodies can be used as a jumpin?à-ov point for seein?à con?anections between ??oca?? communities (African Americans durin?à the co??d war) and transnationa?? events with ?à??oba?? si?àni?cance (the Arab-Israe??i War and the internationa?? Is??amicist movement). The vo??ume is divided into three sections. The ?rst section, ‘‘Thresh- o??ds of Modernity: Mappin?à Genders,’’ focuses on the p??ace of race, ?àen- der, and sexua??ity in empire bui??din?à durin?à the ear??y modern period. A??thou?àh the essays r?aan?àe over disparate ?àeo?àraphic and socia?? contex?ats, they underscore the centra??ity of the body in the articu??ation of imperia?? ideo??o?àies and in the often frau?àht dynamics of cross-cu??tura?? contact. More ?àenera????y sti????, the contributions in this ?rst section revea?? how the operation of ear??y modern empires be?àan to recon??àure understandin?às of the body at a ?à??oba?? ??ev?ae??, as the ??an?àua?àes of ?àe?ander and race ?àrew in authority and imperia?? systems be?àan to ‘‘?à??oba??ize’’ and universa??ize ??e?àa?? re?àimes, re??i?àious be??i?aefs, and understandin?às of sickness an?ad death. The essays that make up the second section of the vo??ume, ‘‘G??oba?? Empires, Loca?? Encounters,’’ examine a wide array of very speci?c ??oca?? co??onia?? encounters from the c??ose of the ei?àhteenth century to the midd??e decades of the twentieth century. These essays chart the diverse ??ocations where Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 6I]btrodu]ftio]b understandin?às of the body were de?ned and contested: from the sports ?e??ds of Ire??and to Austra??ian courtrooms, from the prairies of the Ameri- can Midwest to the c??ubs of co??onia?? India, from swimmin?à ho??es in Mozambique to the Britis?ah Co??umbia frontier. The contributions t?ao this section fore?àround the ways the boundaries of race and ?àender were ne?àotiated, po??iced, and reinforced in an a?àe of co??onia?? modernity and demonstrate the processes that increasin?à??y undermined the ?exibi??ity and ?uidity that characterized many ear??ier socia?? formations. The third section of the vo??ume, ‘‘The Mobi??ity of Po??itics and the Po??itics of Mobi??ity,’’ focuses on the batt??es over empire from the ?na?? decade of the nineteenth century to the ??ate twentieth century. Whi??e many of the essays examine the po??itics of antico??onia??ism and nationa??- ism, they a???? re?ect on the ways our modern wor??d was shaped by ?àreater mobi??ity, whether in trave??, mi?àration, the ?ow of ideas and information, war, or imperia?? expansion itse??f. The ?erce debates over imperia??ism reconstructed in this section turn on the body, how it was mana?àed, how it cou??d be represented, and how the bruta??ities visited on particu??ar types of bodies shou??d be remembered or understood. The co????ection c??oses with a ?na?? essay that re?a?ects on the vo??ume as a wh?ao??e and that uses the notion of ‘‘bodies in contact’’ to map some future directions for both wor??d history research and teachin?à. the essays collected here have, then, a dua?? purpose. First, they emphasize the centra??ity of bodies — raced, sexed, c??assed, and ethnicized bodies — as sites throu?àh which imperia?? and co??onia?? power was ima?à- ined and exercised. By thus fore?àroundin?à the body, this vo??ume marks a fundamenta?? reconception of the nature and workin?às of empires: we focus on the materia?? evects of ?àeopo??itica?? systems in everyday spaces, fami??y ??ife, and on-the-?àround cu??tura?? encounters. Rather than privi??e?à- in?à the operations of the Forei?àn O˜ce or ?àent??eman??y capita??ists, for examp??e, this attention to bodies means that the p??antation, the theater, the home, the street, the schoo??, the c??ub, and the marketp??ace are now visib??e as spaces where peop??e can be seen to have experienced modes of imperia?? and co??onia?? power. A??thou?àh the past two decades have wit- nessed a tremendous boom in scho??ar??y production on co??onia??ism and empire, with feminist historians takin?à the ??ead in the project of recover- in?à the experiences of women and other ‘‘others,’’ this research has not received the attention it shou??d in wor??d history textbooks and hence in Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 Bodies, Empires, a]bd World Histories7 wor??d history courses. There, hi?àh po??itics and commerce sti???? dominate accounts of empire in ways that certain??y remain usefu??. Women and ?àender are now scrupu??ous??y attended to but most often not in ways that underscore their constitutive ro??e in the shapin?à of ?à??oba?? power or cross- cu??tura?? socia?? or?àanization. = Lon?à after women’s history has moved be- yond the ‘‘add women and stir ’’ formu??a, wor??d history surveys sti???? tend to take an additive approach, so that each unit ‘‘covers’’ women, but discrete??y; rare enou?àh is the approach taken by Peter Stearns, which emphasizes ‘‘particu??ar historica?? episodes’’ in tension with ‘‘hi?àher-??eve?? ana??ysis of patterns over time.’’ ? And, as sha???? be discussed in more detai?? be??ow, scarce??y any attention is paid to mascu??inity as a cu??tura?? (??et a??one a po??itica??) cate?àory. ? This is especia????y re?àrettab??e because co??onia?? proj- ects and their processes were frequent??y be??ieved to throw white ma??e bodies into crisis (makin?à them vu??nerab??e to disease, insanity, and hy- bridization), and the supposed ‘‘femininity’’ of co??onized men was fre- quent??y used as a po??itica?? too?? to justify their exc??usion from positions of power and as a means of justifyin?à their co??onization in the ?rst p??ace. ? The abstractions, omissions, and faci??e cate?àorizations that tend to fo????ow from a historio?àraphica?? ??iterature that over??ooks ?àendered subjectivities and experiences need qua??i?cation and e??aboration. This is a???? the more important because the quest for ?àenera??ization can take peop??e — espe- cia????y women, chi??dren, and ‘‘natives’’ — out of the story, thereby often re??e?àatin?à human a?àency in its particu??ars to the mar?àins of historica?? understandin?à. This is not to say, of course, that women, ?a?àender, and sexua??ity repre- sent the fu???? extent of what bodies in history can and do si?ànify. Bodies evoke birth and death, work and p??ay, disease and ?tness; they carry ?àerms and ?uids as we???? as a variety of po??itica??, socia??, and cu??tura?? mean- in?às; they are the ?àrounds of po??itica?? economies and the pretext for intrusion, discip??ine, and punishment at both the individua?? and the co??- ??ective ??eve??s. A??thou?àh the essays that make up this co????ection treat sub- jects as diverse as s??avery and trave??, ecc??esiastica?? co??onia??ism and mi??itary occupation, marria?àe and property, nationa??ism and footba????, immi?àra- tion and temperance, we do not propose to over anythin?à ??ike a ?à??oba?? history of the body. p For our purposes, the ?àendered bodies invoked by the authors co????ected here serve as entrées into ??ar?àer discussions of how the body can ?àive shape to themes of re??evance to wor??d history, as we???? as how they can reorient that project so that it encompasses diverent bodies Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 8I]btrodu]ftio]b of evidence. ? Of equa?? importance is the opportunity to brin?à into view research pub??ished in venues that may be i?ànored or underuti??ized by European or American audiences, such as the I]bdia]b Jour]bal of Ge]bder Studies, the Jour]bal of Afri]fa]b History, and Australia]b Femi]bist Studies. In doin?à so we can better appreciate both the app??icabi??ity of Euro- American theoretica?? mode??s of ?àender and the body to diverse ?àeo?àraph- ica?? sites and the very rea?? ??imits of those frameworks for historicizin?à ‘‘?à??oba??’’ rea??ities. Bodies i]b Co]bta]ft, in short, enab??es readers to access some of the most recent and si?àni?cant scho??arship on women, ?àender, and the co??onia?? encounter so that students with a variety of discip??inary interests can appreciate the tensions between macro and micro perspec- tives on the ?à??obe — and so that the constitutive impact of ?àender and sexua??ity in a???? their historica?? comp??exity can be more fu????y appreciated. Second, the vo??ume insists on the centra??ity of imperia?? and co??onia?? bodies in the circuits of ?à??oba?? po??itics, capita??, and cu??ture. This commit- ment stems from our conviction that historica????y, empires have been con- stitutive of ?à??oba?? systems, but that in contemporary debates about how to think and teach wor??d history and ?à??oba??ization the centra??ity of impe- ria?? power and know??ed?àe is often excised or downp??ayed or occ??uded, a situation that may or may not chan?àe with the arriva?? of new forms of U.S. imperia??ism at work in the ?à??oba?? arena. Co????ective??y these essays map the transformative power of imperia?? systems and the ways in which the deve??opment of ?à??oba?? empires have been entwined historica????y with bodies in contact: that is, bodies not just invo??ved in intimate persona??, sexua??, or socia?? re??ations but bodies in motion, bodies in subjection, bodies in stru?à?à??e, bodies in action. This move evective??y recasts readers’ understandin?à of the contemporary wor??d, where empires are c??ear??y not over, even and especia????y in this particu??ar ?à??oba?? moment. Each of the essays we have chosen makes visib??e the ideo??o?àica?? work of imperia?? or co??onia?? menta??ities in a speci?c moment and a speci?c set of ??ocations, demonstratin?à both the need for historica?? contin?àency when creatin?à ?à??oba?? narratives and the fundamenta????y transnationa?? operation of co??o- nia?? power. Once a?àain, feminist scho??arship has been crucia?? to recent deve??opments in compar?aative, imperia??, and wor???ad histories, but in ways that have not been easi??y accessib??e to students in the c??assroom. ? Bodies i]b Co]bta]ft thereby overs students of ?à??oba??ization an opportunity to appre- ciate the ro??e of empir?aes in shapin?à wor??d sys?atems by trackin?à embodied experiences across hi?astorica?? time and cu??tura?? space. It a??so makes r?aecent Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 Bodies, Empires, a]bd World Histories9 scho??arship avai??ab??e to instructors, who can then test it a?àainst the over- archin?à c??aims and theories made in the textbooks that are inevitab??y used in ??ar?àe courses. This, we hope, creates a series of heretofore unavai??ab??e peda?ào?àica?? opportunities by settin?à up supposed??y ‘‘sma????’’ histories that may ratify some estab??ished syntheses, question others, and perhaps even chip away at the ??on?à-standin?à distinction between bi?à and sma???? pro- cesses of historica?? continuity and chan?àe. 8? In the process, Bodies i]b Co]b- ta]ft a??so enab??es students to interro?àate the tota??izin?à narratives that can arise under the rubric of ‘‘wor??d history’’ and to ask when, why, and under what conditions the ?à??oba?? is a desirab??e cate?àory of historica?? ana??ysis. 88 If this co????ection brin?às to?àether a series of essays that fore?àround race, ?àender, and sexua??ity in ways that cha????en?àe the traditiona?? foci of ?à??oba?? narratives, many of the essays re?ect perhaps the most important contri- bution of recent wor??d history research: the critique of ??on?à-estab??ished narratives of ‘‘the rise of the West.’’ The emer?àence of wor??d history as a distinctive approach to the past in the ear??y twentieth century coincided with a moment of European paramountcy and a widespread faith in the West’s civi??izin?à mission. Within such a context, it was hard??y surprisin?à that ear??y wor??d histories, written by H. G. We????s, Oswa??d Spen?à??er, and Arno??d Toynbee, p??ayed a centra?? ro??e in conso??idatin?à Europe and North America at the heart of understandin?às of ?à??oba?? history and articu??atin?à a powerfu?? narrative that mo??ded the comp??ex, fra?àmentary, and hetero- ?àeneous nature of the human past into a strikin?à account of the creation, conso??idation, and extension of the power of the ‘‘West.’’ 8= Even as wor??d history s??ow??y became professiona??ized after Wor??d War II, this narrative continued to provide a key framework for understandin?às of the ?à??oba?? past in under?àraduate ??ecture ha????s, ?àraduate seminar rooms, and facu??ty ??oun?àes. In turn, this mode?? was forti?ed by socio??o?àists and area studies specia??ists who promu???àated wor??d system and d?aependency theories that ?rm??y ??ocated Europe and North America as the ‘‘core’’ of the modern wor??d. 8= In 1963 W. H. McNei???? pub??ished his paradi?àmatic The Rise of the West, a work that had so??d over 75,000 copies by 1990 and that continues to be wide??y used in co????e?àe c??assrooms and to attract a wide pub??ic audience. The subtit??e of McNei????’s work (A History of the Huma]b Com- mu]bity) reduces human history to a narrative of the ‘‘rise of the West’’ and underscores the profound??y te??eo??o?àica?? assumptions that shaped wor??d history in the 1960s and 1970s. 8? Such assumptions do ??in?àer today, but research undertaken by wor??d Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/617519/9780822386452-001.pdfby University of California Santa Cruz useron 29 July 2020 10I]btrodu]ftio]b historians since the ear??y 1980s has exp??icit??y cha????en?àed the primacy at- tached to Europe or the West as the prime historica?? a?àent of cross- cu??tur

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-12 hours? PAY FOR YOUR FIRST ORDER AFTER COMPLETION..

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now