PSY 380 FINAL EXAM (ALL CORRECT)
MultipleChoiceQuestions (Enteryouranswersontheenclosedanswersheet)
1. Whichofthefollowingdoesnotdescribeatrait?
a. Apersonisgivenanumericscoretoindicatehowmuchofatraitthepersonpossesses.
b. Therearemanytraitstodescribeeveryone.
c. Trait scoresarediscontinuousvariables.
d. Apersoncanbedescribedoneverytrait.
2. Personality referstomotivation.
a. description
b. development
c. dynamics
d. measurement
3. Allofthefollowingaredynamicissuesaddressedbypersonalitytheoriesexcept:
a. adaptationandadjustment
b. cognitiveprocesses
c. individualdifferences
d. culture
4. A isaconceptualtoolforunderstandingcertainspecifiedphenomena.
a. theory
b. theoreticalconstruct
c. psychologicaltest
d. variable
5. Ahypothesisistestedby:
a. logicalreasoning
b. reviewingthepublishedliterature
c. conducting empiricalresearch
d. examiningtheresultsofseveralrelatedstudies
6. Implicittheories of personality could be described by all but which of the following?
a. Theyaregenerallyheldbyordinarypeople.
b. Theyareunscientific.
c. Theyarenotnecessarilyincorrect.
d. Theiraccuracyisguaranteed.
7. Inusingthe“knowngroupsmethod”todeterminewhetheratestisvalid,aresearcherneeds totest:
a. groupsofpeoplewhomheorsheknowspersonally
b. subjectswhoagreetohavetheirnamesknown
c. groupswithpublishednormsonavarietyofpersonalitytests
d. groupswhichcanbepresumedtodifferontheconstructbeingmeasured
8. Personalityresearchersuse:
a. self-reportmeasures
b. projectivetests
c. behavioralmeasures
d. Alloftheabove.
9. IntheanalysisofAdolfHitler, towhatdidtheanalystsattributeHitler’s tyrannical rage?
a. Hisunderdevelopedid.
b. Hisoveractivesuperego.
c. Hisfailureasanartist.
d. Hisweak/non-existentego.
10. Theterm“psychicdeterminism”refersto:
a. thescientificmethod
b. theinfluenceoftheunconscious
c. extra-sensoryperception
d. willpower
11. Hypnosisisbestdescribedasa(n):
a. separatestateofconsciousness
b. fraudulentclaim
c. stateofgreatsuggestibility
d. epileptic-likeseizure
12. Theunconsciousisleastlikelytoberevealedthrough:
a. theinterpretationofdreams
b. humor
c. objectivetests
d. freeassociation
13. Theaimofinstinctsis:
a. mentalhealth
b. sublimation
c. tensionreduction
d. unknown
14. Whichstructureofpersonalitycorrespondstothe“voiceofconscience,”warningustoavoid evil?
a. ego
b. id
c. superego
d. hallucination
15. Whichofthedefensemechanismslistedbelowisthemostprimitive?
a. projection
b. denial
c. identification
d. rationalization
16. Accordingto thetext, Dr . MartinLuther King, Jr., spoke in symbolicterms of thefuturepotentialsoftheworldbecausehewas:
a. aminister
b. anintuitivetype
c. black
d. anextravert
17. AccordingtoJung,therelationshipbetweentheconsciousandunconsciousaspectsof personalityisbestunderstoodas:
a. inflation
b. conflict
c. repression
d. compensation
18. Jungdescribedtheegoasthe:
a. gatekeepertoconsciousness
b. centerofwill
c. mostconsciousaspectofpersonality
d. Alloftheabove.
19. Men’s “innerwoman”isdescribedbyJung’s conceptofthe:
a. anima
b. animus
c. shadow
d. GreatMother
20. Thearchetypesthatareclosesttoconsciousnessarethe:
a. GreatMotherandtheSpiritualFather
b. HeroandtheT rickster
c. MandalaandtheSelf
d. ShadowandtheAnima(orAnimus)
21. AccordingtoBettelheim’s research,whenchildrenareexposedtofairystorieswithallthemonstersandwitchesremoved,they:
a. becomelessaggressive
b. becomemoretrustingoftheworld
c. becomemoredisruptive
d. loseinterestinthestories
22. Adler’s theoryiscalled:
a. psychoanalysis
b. socialanalysis
c. individualpsychology
d. learningtheory
23. AccordingtoAdler, peoplearemotivatedtomovefrom to .
a. afeltminus;aplus
b. Europe;America
c. ruralareas;cities
d. physicalneeds;psychologicalneeds
24. Organinferiority, theaggressivedrive,masculineprotest,superioritystriving,andperfectionstrivingare:
a. stagesthatoccur, oneaftertheother , inthedevelopmentofnormalpersonality
b. stagesthatoccur, oneaftertheother , inthedevelopmentofunhealthypersonality
c. processesinthedevelopmentofAdler’s thinkingaboutpersonality
d. variousdiagnosticcategories
25. WhichofthesequestionswouldAdleraskinordertounderstandaperson?
a. “Atwhatagewereyoutoilettrained?”
b. “Do you dreamin color orin black andwhite?”
c. “Whatisyourearliestmemory?”
d. “Whatdoesthisinkblotlooklike?”
26. Accordingto Adler, aperson’s styleoflifeisdeterminedby:
a. parents
b. theperson’s owngoals
c. fate
d. biological factors
27. Oldestchildren are bythearrivaloflaterchildren,accordingtoAdler.
a. rewarded
b. madehigherinstatus
c. deprivedoftheirpacemaker
d. dethroned
28. Theeffectsofbirthorderare:
a. consistentlyfound,byresearch,toconfirmAdler’s predictions
b. universalacrossculturesandsocioeconomiclevels
c. significantforachievement,supportingAdler’s theory , butnotforotheraspectsofpersonality
d. oftensignificantinresearch,butwithvaryingeffectsindifferentstudies
29. Peoplewhoscorehighinsocialinterestare
a. mentallyhealthy
b. satisfiedwiththeirwork
c. healthierthanthosewhoscorelow
d. Alloftheabove.
30. IncontrasttoFreud’s emphasisonsexuality , Eriksonemphasizedthe aspectsofpersonality .
a. work-oriented
b. anal
c. oral
d. social
31. Inhisepigeneticprinciple,Eriksoncompareddevelopmentwith:
a. themotionofobjectsasdescribedinphysics
b. thebiologicaldevelopmentofafetus
c. thespiritualdevelopmentofasoul
d. anactororactresslearningascript
32. Thetaskofinfancy, inErikson’s terminology , istodevelopasenseof:
a. autonomy
b. thebody
c. trust
d. attachmenttothemother
33. Accordingto Erikson’s theory , asenseofinferiorityisparticularlylikelytodevelopduringthe
stageofdevelopment.
a. second
b. third
c. fourth
d. fifth
34. Thecrisisof versusisolationoccursinearlyadulthood.
a. generativity
b. togetherness
c. intimacy
d. assertiveness
35. Religion,accordingtoErikson,ismostrelevantto:
a. initiative
b. will
c. hope
d. fidelity
36. Erikson’s theoryimpliesthatproblemswithtechnologyarerelevanttowhichstageofdevelopment?
a. second
b. fourth
c. sixth
d. seventh
37. WhatsocialchangehadamajorimpactonHorney’ s life?
a. the rise ofNazi forces
b. increasingreligiousconflict
c. increasingopportunitiesforwomen
d. thedecline of agriculture
38. Apersonwhoadoptsthe“self-effacingsolution”is:
a. mentallyhealthy
b. “movingtoward”typeperson
c. “movingaway”typeperson
d. “movingagainst”typeperson
39. Apersonwhoadoptsthe“resignationsolution”isa(n):
a. movingtowardtypeperson
b. movingagainsttypeperson
c. movingawaytypeperson
d. emotionallywellbalancedperson
40. Theappealofloveisrelatedto:
a. theself-effacing solution
b. theexpansivesolution
c. resignation(solution)
d. Noneoftheabove.
41. Thegrowthpotentialwithinapersonbelongstothe self(inHorney’ s theory).
a. actual
b. idealized
c. social
d. real
42. AccordingtoHorney , thefourmajoradjustmentstrategies:
a. eliminateneurosis
b. aresignsofpsychosis
c. createtheappearanceofharmonywithoutsolvingtheneuroticproblem
d. aremorecommonlyusedbywomenthanbymen
43. Jerrythinksofhimselfascheerful,buttypicallyrespondsto“Howareyou?”withsome gloomyanswer . Heisusingthesecondaryadjustmenttechniquecalled:
a. elusiveness
b. blindspots
c. compartmentalizing
d. arbitraryrightness
44. WhenAllportmetFreud,whathappened?
a. FreudanalyzedAllport’s dreams.
b. Freudexperiencedapowerfulcountertransference.
c. AllportthoughtthatFreudmisunderstoodhim.
d. AllportproposedthathedevelopatesttomeasureFreudiandefensemechanisms.
45. AccordingtoAllport,heredityinfluences aspectsofpersonality .
a. no
b. afew
c. many
d. all
46. AllportandOdbertidentified17,953traitnamesbystudying:
a. collegefreshmen
b. biographiesoffamouspeople
c. lettersfromJenny
d. thedictionary
47. NearlyeveryonewhoknowsHarryagreesthatheisfriendly. “Friendly”isprobablya
traitforHarry .
a. cardinal
b. secondary
c. central
d. primary
48. Whichofthe followingisnot listedbyAllport ascharacteristic ofanormal, matureadult?
a. warmhumaninteractions
b. emotionalsecurity
c. realisticperceptions
d. financialsuccess
49. Inadulthood,apersonisinthestageofdevelopmentthatAllportcalled:
a. ego-enhancement
b. ego-extension
c. theknower
d. self-identity
50. WhichofthefollowingisnotadescriptionofSonyaSotomayorbyindividualsthat demonstratethepersonalityfactorsofExtraversionandAgreeableness?
a. warm
b. generous
c. ateamplayer
d. ambitious
51. Cattelldefinedpersonalityasthatwhichpermits:
a. predictionofwhatapersonwilldoinagivensituation
b. evaluationofthelevelofadjustmentofaperson
c. selectionofanappropriatequestionnaire
d. optimalassignmentofindividualstojobs
52. Cattell classifiedprojective tests,such astheRorschach inkblottest, as:
a. D-data
b. L-data
c. Q-data
d. T-data
53. Thesetofaperson’s scoresonall16factorsofthe16PF:
a. iscalledthe“profile”
b. musttotal100
c. isameasureofadjustment
d. isameasureofintelligence
54. Neuroticstypicallyhavelowscoreson:
a. intelligence
b. egostrength
c. introversion
d. Alloftheabove.
55. Researchershavefoundwhatkindofevidenceagainsttheinherited“innateability” interpretationoftheCultureFairIntelligence Test?
a. educationdoesinfluencefluidintelligencescores
b. zerocorrelationsbetweenparentsandchildrenonthismeasure
c. failureofthemeasuretopredictschoolperformance
d. highcorrelationsbetweenthistestandmeasuresofextraversion
56. Imitatingothersismadepossiblebiologicallyby:
a. mirrorneurons
b. memorystrategies
c. evolvedpsychologicalmechanisms
d. temperament
57. Evolvedpsychologicalmechanismsincludeallofthefollowingexcept:
a. imitation
b. sexualjealousy
c. temperament
d. sexualattractionbasedonphysicalappearance
58. Studiesofratsdeprivedofmaternalcontactshowedthattheratsdevelopedpermanent deficitsinthehippocampus.Suchdeficits(inratsorhumans)couldmakethemmore vulnerableto:
a. aggression
b. depression
c. introversion
d. sexualpromiscuity
59. Accordingtothetext,thecommunicationof makesociallivingpossible.
a. socialnorms
b. emotions
c. altruism
d. empathy
60. Childrenwhocriedandclungtotheirmothers,in Kagan’s studies,werecalled:
a. inhibited
b. neurotic
c. difficultychildren
d. uninhibited
61. InKagan’s model,childrenaremorelikelytodevelopanaggressive,antisocialpersonalityiftheyhavean:
a. inhibitedtemperamentandreceiveoverprotection
b. inhibitedtemperamentandareencouragedtoexploretheenvironment
c. uninhibitedtemperamentandreceivestrictdiscipline
d. uninhibitedtemperamentandreceivelaxdiscipline
62. Freud’s conceptof“libido”correspondstoDollardandMiller’s conceptof:
a. anxiety
b. behaviorgradients
c. cue
d. drive
63. Undesirableresponsescanbeeliminatedby:
a. extinctionorpunishment
b. punishmentorreward
c. extinctionorspontaneousrecovery
d. generalizationordiscrimination
64. Inadditionto Freud’s firstthreepsychosexualstages,DollardandMillerdescribedafourthstage,concernedwithconflictover:
a. anger
b. sexroles
c. siblings
d. playmates
65. CharlieBrownwantstotalk tothelittlered-headed girl,butheis afraidshewillrejecthim. What typeofconflictis this?
a. approach-approachconflict
b. avoidance-avoidanceconflict
c. approach-avoidanceconflict
d. doubleapproach-avoidanceconflict
66. DollardandMillerexplainedaggressionwiththeir hypothesis.
a. aggressionformation
b. anger-anxiety
c. frustration-aggression
d. libido
67. Psychotherapy , asweknowittoday , involves:
a. learningnewlabelsforexperience
b. learningtoexpressunwantedthoughts
c. expressingfearedmaterialwithoutreprimand
d. Alloftheabove.
68. Becausetheyboththoughtintermsofprivacyandpower , NixonandKissingercouldrelatewelltoone another , accordingto Kelly’s Corollary .
a. Choice
b. Commonality
c. Modulation
d. Sociality
69. Kellycalledhisphilosophicalassumption“ ”.
a. logicalpositivism
b. constructivealternativism
c. physiologicaldeterminism
d. humanisticscience
70. InKelly’s theory , peoplearemorelikelytoexperimentwithnewconstructswhentheyare:
a. threatened
b. inlove
c. notthreatened
d. angry
71. AccordingtoKelly, allconstructshave pole(s).
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. many
72. “Slot-movement”refersto:
a. radicalchanges, such asfrom atheist to “born-againChristian”
b. rolechanges,suchasmovingfrombeingastudenttobeinganemployee
c. gambling
d. amethodforscoringpersonalitytests
73. Kellyunderstooddifferencesbetweenindividualsasdueto:
a. differentearlyexperience
b. differentpersonalconstructs
c. heredity
d. misunderstandingsbyresearchers
74. Thetermconsistencyparadoxrefersto:
a. thechallengeofunderstandinghowpeoplecandevelopacrossalifetimeyetstillremain consistent
b. thediscrepancybetweenresearch,whichshowsthatpeopleactdifferentlyindifferent situations,andcommonsense,whichsaystheyareconsistent
c. people’s effortstoseemconsistenttootherpeople
d. theparadoxthatmostpersonalitytheoriesseemtobesayingthesamething,onlyin differentwords
75. InMischel’s terminology , the ofanextravertedpersonmightincludeknowinghowtobeginaconversationwithastrangerandthinkingofthingstosayinaconversation.
a. competencies
b. expectancies
c. personvariables
d. traits
76. Adamdoesn’t knowwhether he willbe thanked orcriticized if hehelps cook dinner. He isuncertainabout:
a. self-efficacyexpectancies
b. competencies
c. encodingstrategies
d. behavior-outcome expectancies
77. Mischelconducted research on the delay of gratificationin:
a. rats
b. employeesoflargecompanies
c. children
d. twins
78. Delayofgratificationiseasierifthe:
a. rewardsarevisible
b. childthinksabouthowgoodtherewardis
c. childseesmodelswhodelaytheirowngratification
d. Alloftheabove.
79. AccordingtoMischelandhiscolleagues,theeffectoftraitsonbehaviordependsuponthe:
a. person
b. timeofday
c. situation
d. observer
80. “IfIaskJanetogotothemovies,willshego,orrejectme?”Thisisaquestionof:
a. reciprocaldeterminism
b. stimulus-outcomeexpectancies
c. behavior-outcome expectancies
d. self-efficacyexpectancies
81. Bandurarecommendsthatself-efficacyshouldbemeasured:
a. globally
b. separatelyforeachareaofbehavior
c. byprojectivetests
d. byaninterview
82. Researchshowsthatwearemorelikelytostrivetowardgoalsif:
a. weconcentrateonthedistantgoal,notimmediateshort-termgoals
b. nooneelsehassucceeded
c. weareworkingalone
d. weexpecttobeabletoreachthem
83. “Attentionalprocesses”referstowhatwe:
a. observeorpayattentionto
b. remember
c. aremotivatedtodo
d. areabletodo
84. Banduraexpandedlearningtheorybyhisworkontheimportanceof:
a. extinction
b. generalization
c. modeling
d. punishment
85. Banduraandcolleaguesdemonstratedthatchildrencanlearn throughmodeling.
a. aggression
b. performancestandards
c. arbitraryplayfulbehaviors
d. Alloftheabove.
86. AccordingtoBandura’s research,childrenwhohaveobservedaggressivemodelsmaynotbehaveaggressively , eveniftheyhavelearnedtodoso,iftheylack:
a. incentives
b. courage
c. anaudience
d. toys
87. Rogersregardedthefundamentalmotivationtobe:
a. theactualizingtendency
b. theneedforsecurity
c. interpersonalneeds
d. sexualneeds
88. Thebestguidetohealthygrowth,accordingtoRogers,is:
a. aprofessionalpsychotherapist
b. a religiousphilosophyof life
c. theorganismicvaluingprocess
d. carefulreasoning
89. Rogersrecommendedthatpsychologistsshouldinvestigatesubjectiveexperiencewhenitwas
.
a. spiritual
b. valuebased
c. mystical
d. Alloftheabove.
90. “Me?Angry?Never!”saysLou.Thisstatementillustrates .
a. self-actualization
b. incongruence
c. theformativeprocess
d. empathicunderstanding
91. Conditionalpositiveregardcausesapersontolosetouchwiththe self.
a. &nbs
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