How does cyber crime exacerbate the attribution challenge regarding state-based cyber threats?, discussion help

Readings:  Blum, chapters 6-7; Singer, section beginning on p. 85
o Articles: McAfee, A Good Decade for Cybercrime; RAND, Markets for
Cybercrime Tools and Stolen Data (summary); Verizon, 2014 Data
5
Cyber Warfare Syllabus – Mazanec
Breach Investigations Report (cyber crime section, beginning on p. 32);
Archick, Cybercrime: The Council of Europe Convention 

 In the discussion board, respond to the following:
o How does cyber crime exacerbate the attribution challenge regarding
state-based cyber threats?
o Will cyber crime only be effectively mitigated through government actions
and broad international collaboration among nation states or can
corporations and the private sector effectively address the threat?

Books: Blum, epilogue; Valeriano, chapters 4 and 5; Singer, sections
beginning on p. 114, 120, 126,  

Articles: Shakarian, Stuxnet: Cyberwar Revolution in Military Affairs;
Clapper, Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence
Community (p.1-3); Koblentz, Viral Warfare: The Security Implications of
Cyber and Biological Technologies; Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place;
and RAND, A Cyberworm that Knows no Boundaries (summary)
? Videos: Symantec Stuxnet videos “Stuxnet 0.5 – The Missing Link” and “Stuxnet:
How It Infects PLCs”, found here:
http://www.symantec.com/tv/products/details.jsp?vid=2180741043001, Stuxnet
TED Talk by Ralph Langner, found here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CS01Hmjv1pQ; and Stuxnet video, found
here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSMOs7CF1Eo. 

In the discussion board, respond to the following:
o How has CNA evolved from the late 20th century to the Estonian conflict
and then Stuxnet and how might it further evolve in the future?
o Is CNA cyber warfare really a form of war or is it more akin to sabotage or
clandestine action? 

Answer these QS