(1) Symbolize the following argument,(2) Establish its validity by a proof, and (3) “Evaluate” the argument as well.

Exercise 58 … (For-Credit of 4 Points) (*)

(1) Symbolize the following argument,
(2) Establish its validity by a proof, and
(3) “Evaluate” the argument as well.

1. All the beings that have wings can fly.
2. All birds have wings.
C. Therefore, all birds can fly.

NB: Evaluating an argument often calls for subjecting a critical
premise to potential “counterexamples.”

Exercise 60 … (For-Credit of 4 Points) (*)

(1) Symbolize & (2) Prove the following argument:

1. All criminals are vicious.
2. Some humans are criminals.
C. Thus some humans are vicious.

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3. on alternative symbols for quantifiers

As was in the Assignment [12], you may the following alternatives
for the two quantifiers.

1. Universal Quantifier

(x) … the same from the textbook

but also you could use this:

(Ax) .. for it as well to make it distinct from the other

2. Existential Quantifier

(Ex)