Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A trauma- and stress-related...

Question Answered step-by-step Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A trauma- and stress-related… Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)A trauma- and stress-related disorder is a mental health condition that results from direct or indirect exposure to actual or threatened events such as death, severe injury, or sexual and emotional violence and is characterized by persistent difficulties that negatively affect an individual’s social interactions, capacity to work, or other areas of social functioning (Piotrowski & Range, 2020). Briefly explain the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness.Lanius et al., (2018) reviewed the neuroimaging studies which highlighted the functional connectivity alterations of key regions of the brain associated with the overarching neurobiological dissociation models, including the defense cascade model of dissociation and Mobb’s threat detection model. The study reviewed the connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala and its complexes, the insula, and the periaqueductal gray. These regions of the brain form the neurobiological basis for PSTD illness. The study also reviewed work implicating the kappa-opioid and endocannabinoid systems in trauma-related dissociative experiences. Discuss the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD and relate these criteria to the symptomology presented in the case study.Intrusive experiences, distressing memories, dreams, and flashbacks: Joe experiences nightmares, thoughts, and flashbacks of the trauma.Arousal, irritability, angry outbursts, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle, impaired concentration, sleep disturbance: Joe becomes irritable so suddenly, he has sleep disturbance and concentration problems. Negative cognition, negative emotional states, diminished interest in significant activities, socially withdrawn, reduced expression of positive emotions: Joe presented alterations of cognition, negativity, and continued inability to experience positive emotions.Threatens others often initiate physical fights: Joe fights with his classmates and even siblings (Hilt & Nussbaum, 2016).Does the video case presentation provide sufficient information to derive a PTSD diagnosis?The video presentation by Dr. Grande (2019) covers Joe, an 8-year-old patient, to appropriately elaborate on what is crucial for a diagnosis of PTSD. The traumatic event described in the video gives a detailed report of a minor vehicle accident that led to the occurrence of trauma to Joe. The video provides facts of Joe’s post-trauma outcomes including presenting PTSD-related symptoms such as intrusive memories, cognitive distortions, difficulty sleeping, and anxiety. He also reported that he does not like to talk about the incident, thus indicating avoidance symptoms. Therefore, the details are suitable to allow me to agree with the diagnosis made since all factors indicate that Joe met the DSM-5 criteria to be diagnosed with PTSD.Discuss one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case studyCBT is the universal intervention for children post-disaster. In addition, EMDR and parenting techniques may help. However, more research needs to be done on the impact of family dynamics in post-natural disaster treatment and the long-term effects of experiencing a natural disaster (Galvan et al., 2021).Weisholtz et al., (2021) demonstrated that the most suitable treatment for children with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This treatment helps a child to learn basic skills that can enable them to manage their anxiety and master the traumatic situation. For example, when a child witnesses the death of their parents and whole family members, cognitive behavioral therapy can be used to help the child adapt to the situation and manage their anxiety. In addition, PTDS can be treated in children by giving the child anxiety or depression medicines. These medicines are vital since they help the child stay calmer and more relaxed. CBT is the universal psychotherapy intervention for children experiencing post-disaster problems. Clinicians need to use gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines. This is because clinical practice guidelines are proven to yield better patient outcomes regarding safety and quality.Academic SourcesThe supporting articles, Weisholtz et al., (2021), Galvan et al., (2021), and Lanius et al., (2018), are scholarly references as they are found in scholarly and publicly accepted journals. The other source by Hilt & Nussbaum (2016). was published by American Psychiatric Association.ReferencesDaniel Weisholtz, M. D., David Silbersweig, M. D., Hong Pan, P. D., Marylene Cloitre, P.., Joseph LeDoux, P. D., & Emily Stern, M. D. (2021). Correlation Between Rostral Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Activation by Trauma-Related Words and Subsequent Response to CBT for PTSD. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 33(2), 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20030058Galvan, M. S., Lueke, A. E., Mansfield, L.-T. E., & Smith, C. A. (2021). A systematic research review: How to best treat post-traumatic stress disorder in children post-natural disaster. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(6), 701-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1804513Grande, T. (2019, August 22). Presentation example: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [Video file]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkSv_zPH-M4Hilt, R. J., & Nussbaum, A. M. (2016). DSM-5 pocket guide for child and adolescent mental health (First edition.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Lanius, R. A., Boyd, J. E., McKinnon, M. C., Nicholson, A. A., Frewen, P., Vermetten, E., Jetly, R., & Spiegel, D. (2018). A Review of the Neurobiological Basis of Trauma-Related Dissociation and Its Relation to Cannabinoid- and Opioid-Mediated Stress Response: A Transdiagnostic, Translational Approach. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(12), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0983-yPiotrowski, N. A., PhD, & Range, L. M., PhD. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition). Please revise the underlined parts.Thank you. Health Science Science Nursing NRNP 6645 Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)