During the modernist period, you noticed a countercultural movement of romanticism and early existentialism. Explore the two major strands of early modernism – sensationalism and rationalism – along with the countercultural movement – romanticism and early existentialism. While British sensationalism also emerged during this period, it is more of a blending of sensationalism and rationalism. You’ll focus on the two more pure thought systems.

You’ve noticed that the three groups – the sensationalists, the rationalists, and the romantics, have very different epistemologies. The sensationalists trusted the senses or sense experience to determine truth. While many of them also used reason to some degree, they placed a greater trust in the senses. The rationalists, while giving some credence to the senses, primarily trusted reason as the best guide to knowing truth. The romantics took a more phenomenological approach and placed greater emphasis on emotions in the process of determining how to live; they weren’t as concerned with the issue of truth.

• How do these epistemologies impact ethics and morals? Particularly with the romantics, you begin to notice there is a potential to separate ethics, or what is right, from values, or the individual’s ideals. What do you think is the significance of this separation?
• These three positions still do not dictate a view of human nature as fundamentally good or evil. There are variant positions within the perspectives. Discuss any implications you think exist for human nature in these perspectives.
• Finally, address the implications for therapy. Compare how you think these different philosophies would impact the way psychotherapy effectiveness should be determined.

Be sure to support your conclusions with information drawn from the online content, the textbook, and other credible, scholarly sources to substantiate the points you are making. 

The paper should be 2 pages, double-spaced 12-point typescript, Times Roman font, with 1-inch margins all around, and free from grammatical errors. This page count includes the title page, text, and references. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources. 

———————————————————————————————————————————

Part 2

William James and functionalism were important influences on the development of American Pragmatism. Pragmatism focuses on evaluating an idea by its usefulness or outcome. Theory and technique are de-emphasized. This view still dominates much of American psychology. In what ways do you think this has been either a positive influence or a negative influence on psychology? Substantiate your response with examples. 

Immigration is an issue that has been a significant part of American history since the country’s inception. The first immigration law was enacted shortly after the Constitution was signed. And immigration is featured prominently in the Constitution, where it was established as an Article I congressional power. These facts highlight the importance of immigration in our social and legal systems.

Your goal in the Discussion this week is to assess the long-term impact of the court’s decisions in landmark immigration cases such as these on the cultural aspects of American society.

To prepare for this Discussion:

After reviewing the articles and cases for this week, consider the role of immigrants in American society and how their legal status has changed dramatically over time.

Start by considering their role prior to the Chy Lung v. Freeman case, which you will be learn about from the Fandl article, “Taxing Migrants: A Smart and Humane Approach to Immigration Policy.” What did the court do for immigrants in the Chy Lung case? And how did this change the already diverse makeup of American society?

With these thoughts in mind:

Provide a brief description of the status of immigrants prior to and following the Chy Lung v. Freeman case, referencing where possible the role of the Fourteenth Amendment. Then, select an immigration decision from your readings this week, and provide a brief assessment of how the case has changed the cultural makeup of American society.

Support your response using the Learning Resources and other scholarly resources.

Articles

• Fandl, K. J. (2014). Taxing migrants: A smart and humane approach to immigration policy. Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review, 7, 127–170. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2517077

• Fandl, K. J. (2015). Putting states out of the immigration law enforcement business. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 9(2), 1–26. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2552543

Cases

• Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275 (1875).
• Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).

In this assignment, you will examine a news report on scientific studies of the Colorado

River water crisis. We will follow the same approach and the same questions that you

learned to use in the Science Tool Kit activities in previous modules. In this assignment,

you will take these questions and create an essay in which you can show your ability to

more deeply examine the problem and the reporting, as well as the science behind the

news story.

Completing this activity will assist you in mastering Module Level Outcome 3 and 4.

First, read:

 “Colorado River shortage could hit Arizona hard (Links to an external site.)Links

to an external site.” by Tony Davis from the Arizona Daily Star Sep 12, 2015

 Katel, P. (2011, December 9).Water crisis in the west (Links to an external

site.)Links to an external site.. CQ Researcher, 21, 1025-1048.

 Zielinski, S. (2010)The Colorado River Runs Dry (Links to an external site.)Links

to an external site.. Smithsonian Magazine

View:

 Smithsonian InstituteClimate Change and the Colorado River (Links to an

external site.)Links to an external site. [Video, 03:08 mins]

 Liquid assets:The big business of water (Links to an external site.)Links to an

external site. [Video, 42:49 mins]. (2010). In Films On Demand. Retrieved June

13, 2016

Next, submit the following:

You will write an essay of 1000+ words (4 pages), not including a title page and a

reference page. Each of the following questions should be addressed in your essay and

supported with both quotations and paraphrasing from multiple sources you have been

given in the module on this topic and that you locate through the ECLibrary.

1. What is the source of the scientific information in the Arizona Daily Star article by

Tony Davis?

2. Discuss the expertise of the scientists (and others) involved in the study

discussed by Davis.

3. What alternative views does Mr. Davis discuss? What do these viewpoints say in

contrast to the initial study he examined in his article? Would you say, based on

this information, that the study examined by Mr. Davis is accurate, reliable, and

unbiased?

4. Compare and contrast the information in this Arizona Daily Star article with the

information in the module readings and any additional material you may have

found about this complex issue. Where does the Daily Star article agree and

disagree with your other sources, and why?

5. Who are the major stakeholders in the conflicting demands on the Colorado River

source? Does Mr. Davis discuss them all fairly? Is one group overlooked; if so,

who, and what is their interest in the Colorado River water?

6. What possible solutions to this problem are discussed in Mr. Davis’ article? Are

there other solutions you have found? Describe these possible solutions.

NOT GOING OVER $1. ANSWERS ARE IN GIVEN INFORMATION

The problem of power of governments was a concern to the writers of the Constitution. They wanted to strike a balance between a government that could be respected by the people and a government that could or may abuse its power. In order to attain that balance, they divided the power between the states and the federal government. Then they separated the power of the federal government among its three branches, (legislative, judicial, executive). In this way it was determined that no part of the government would become too powerful.

Division of Power
A federal form of government must decide how power can be shared between the state and the federal, or central, government. The Constitution does this by listing (enumerating), the powers of Congress. Specific powers given to the central government are plainly and clearly stated. But the Constitution goes further by awarding Congress “elastic power” in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18. This “elastic clause” allows Congress the power “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out the duties of government.

The Constitution also lists the powers that are denied to Congress. This is for the protection of the rights of the people. It also lists any specific powers that are denied to the states. As an example, states cannot declare war, enter into any treaties, coin or print money, or violate certain rights of the people.

This division of the powers between the states and the central government is accomplished by:

• Listing the powers of the federal government, including the “elastic power” clause
• Listing the powers denied to the federal government
• Listing the powers denied to the state governments
• Reserving all other powers that are not given to the federal government or denied to the states for the states. This was made clear in the 10th Amendment in 1791.

The powers reserved to the states are also known as “residual powers” because these powers “reside” with the states. These include control of education, marriage, divorce, and voting. Notwithstanding, the federal government may require that state education and voting laws apply equally to all citizens of a state.

Certain powers are shared by states and the central government. These are known as “concurrent powers” and include the powers to:

• Make tax laws and collect taxes
• Borrow money
• Build roads
• Protect the health, safety, and welfare of the people. These powers are also known as “police powers.”

Separation of Power
The Constitution allows the federal government great power, and that power has expanded over the years. However, the Constitution ensures there is a separation of power among the three branches of the federal government. In general, the Legislative branch makes the laws, the Executive branch enforces the laws, and the Judicial branch interprets the laws. It does not stop there, The Constitution provides for a system of “checks and balances” among the three branches.

This system of checks and balances allows each branch to check the power of the other branches. This gives a balance of power among the branches of government, so that one branch is not more powerful than the other. For example:

• Congress passes bills, but they must be approved by the President before they can become laws. The President has the power to disapprove or “veto” a bill. This is one way that the Executive branch checks the Legislative branch.
• The President appoints all federal judges, including the justices of the Supreme Court. This is one way the Executive branch checks the Judicial branch.

This gives power to the Executive branch, but:

• Congress can override the veto of a President by a two-thirds majority vote. In such cases, the bill becomes a law without the approval of the President. This is one way the Legislative branch checks the Executive branch.
• Congress must pass tax bills to raise money, and must also pass bills giving money to the government for its spending needs. This is one way the Legislative branch checks the Executive branch.
• The Senate (a part of Congress) must approve the President’s nomination of federal judges. This is one way the Legislative branch checks the Executive and Judicial branches.
• Congress has the power to impeach and remove the President and federal judges for acts of wrongdoing. This is one way the Legislative branch checks the Executive and Judicial branches.

This gives power to the Legislative branch, but:

• The judicial branch has the power to rule on whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional. The Supreme Court may nullify laws it considers unconstitutional when those laws are involved in a case coming before the court. This is one way the judicial branch checks the Legislative and Executive branches.
• Once they are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate, all federal judges serve for life. This in one way the judicial branch checks the Legislative and Executive branch.

The U.S. Constitution and the states’ constitutions
The U.S. Constitution and the individual state constitutions provide the basis for statutes, court decisions, and other rules and regulations. This is the system of law that exists in the United States.

Statutes
Statutes are laws that are enacted by Congress or by state and local legislatures. Keep in mind that:

• Local statutes apply to local areas only
• State statutes apply only to the states passing the statutes
• Federal statutes apply to the entire nation
• Federal statutes involve activities or commerce in two or more states
• Federal statutes are supreme over local or state laws in matters involving the federal authority.

Court Decisions
Court decisions affect law by interpreting the meaning of laws that are passed by Congress. The federal courts may also determine whether a law is constitutional. Such actions by the courts must be as a result of actual cases that come before the judges.

Rules and Regulations
The Legislative and Executive branches have endured a heavy work load over the years. This has led to the creation of a number of independent executive agencies and regulatory agencies or commissions. These are created by acts of Congress, and members are appointed by the President, with the Senate making final approval.

The bills creating agencies and commissions give them specific powers. The rules and regulations developed by agencies and commissions have the same effect as statutes. Though these agencies and commissions are independent in many ways, they may be influenced by the President and Congress.

Some of these independent agencies are:

• The Veteran’s Administration
• The General Services Administration
• The Office of Personnel Administration

Some of the independent regulatory commissions are:

• The Interstate Commerce Commission
• The Securities and Exchange Commission
• The Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Additional Readings;

http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/separation-of-powers-an-overview.aspx

Supplemental Activities: (These are not graded so please do not submit)

1. Locate a headline is a current newspaper. Give your opinion of the events or “story” behind the “headline.”

2. Research three of the independent agencies and commissions described in the reading. Write a summary for each. Who is in charge of these organizations?

Lesson 5 Review

Directions: Answer each question below by writing a strong paragraph that includes supporting information from the lesson. Please cite your outside resources.

A strong paragraph includes a minimum of three to five details from the lesson and is written in Academic English form. For more information on Academic English form, refer to the documents in the Orientation.

The following are “headlines” from a newspaper. Give your opinion of the events or “story” behind the “headline.”

Explain how each is an example of ‘checks and balances’ in the government.

Example (#1): Do you agree or disagree that the state should build roads with the help of federal funds. Is it fair for all states to give money for another state to build roads? How does this relate to the system of checks and balances. Explain your position with reasons and examples.

1. STATE TO BUILD ROAD WITH HELP OF FEDERAL FUNDS

2. PRESIDENT VETOES BILL TO INCREASE AUTOMOBILE TAX

3. SENATE VOTES APPROVAL OF THREE NEW FEDERAL JUDGES

4. SUPREME COURT DECLARED NEW TAX LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL

5. CONGRESS CUTS PRESIDENT’S REQUEST FOR FUNDS FOR AIR FORCE