Within the Discussion Board area, 500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.

In 1969, researchers Bibb Latane and John Darley conducted a series of experiments to determine how and when individuals decide to act upon witnessing a person in need of assistance. In these experiments, the researchers would stage an emergency situation and then measure how long it took participants to respond. Interestingly, the researchers discovered that participants were less likely to respond when they were with a group of people (Latane & Darley, 1969). By 1970, these same researchers suggested that bystanders might not respond for the following reasons (Latane & Darley, 1970):

• Diffusion of responsibility: A bystander assumes that someone else will offer assistance
• A bystander might look to see if others are helping first. If the situation seems ambiguous and no one else is helping, then the bystander is likely to think that there is no reason for concern.
• Bystanders might be concerned about making the wrong decision and being embarrassed or shamed as a result.

Watch the following video about bystander apathy, and discuss the following prompts:

• Describe your initial reaction to the video.
• What surprised you the most?
• What was not surprising to you?
• Are there certain factors that you believe would make an individual more or less likely to respond to a situation like this?
• Research by Latane and Darley as mentioned above suggests that bystanders are more likely to help once someone has already intervened. Why do you think this might be?
• Research by Milgram (1970) has also shown that a person is more likely to receive assistance from a bystander if the event takes place in a rural area in comparison to an urban environment. Why do you think this is the case?

APA format for references with 3 being required.

References from the above instructions.

Keenermarc. (2009). Bystander effect – People watch girl being abducted. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site:

Latane, B. & Darley, J. M. (1969). Bystander apathy. American Scientist, 57, 244–268.

Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Milgram, S. (1970). The experience of living in cities. Science, 167, 1461–1468.

INTRODUCTION

State your argument. (1 sentences)

• Conflict theory. Ex. I have often heard that children of single parents have a lesser chance to be well adapted to society, yet I believe that this is a wrong and harmful perception.
• Structural functionalism. Ex. I have often heard that children of single parents have a lesser chance to be well adapted to society, and I wish to understand what are the social structures that allow this to happen.
• Symbolic interactionism. Ex. I have often heard that children of single parents have a lesser chance to be well adapted to society, and I wish to understand how people respond to this argument.
• Conflict theory. Ex. In this paper I will talk about my own experience as a child of a single parent and will contrast my struggle with this oppressing notion with the stereotypesnoted by two school peers.
• Structural functionalism. Ex. In this paper I will talk about my own experience as a child of a single parent and will contrast the ways in which my parent coped with the circumstances with examples provided by two school peers.
• Symbolic interactionism. Ex. In this paper I will talk about my own experience as a child of a single parent and will contrast the ways I respond to this common notion with the ways in which two school peers responded to it.
• Conflict theory. Ex. I will do this observation from a conflict theory perspective because I believe people are manipulated into thinking this by mass media.
• Structural functionalism. Ex. I will do this observation from a functionalist perspective because I wish to understand how people balance complex circumstances.
• Symbolic interactionism. Ex. I will do this observation from a symbolic interactionist perspective because I wish to observe how people give meanings to unfamiliar family structures.

Name the data and method you are using. (2 sentences max.)

Name the sociological perspective you chose and say who it is best. (2 sentences max.)

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Explain if the argument of the articles you chose is similar to your argument.
• Explain how they studied the issue (the data and method that they used) and how that is similar or different from the way you are studying the issue.

METHODS

• Explain how you gathered your date (the personal examples or example from the media and the survey responses.

DATA ANALYSIS

For my topic, I choose to include a picture of one of a historical figure. Princess Fatima alzamil. Princess Fatima ruled for three years in Hail, which is in the center of saudi Arabia. Now this area is the most religious are of saudi Arabia, and where women have limited freedom compared to other part of the country. Nevertheless princess Fatima ruled over Hail from 1911 to 1914, she ran her affairs from a lavish palace which she had full authority . She received foreign guests such as politicians like Gertude bell who was a close friend to Lawrence of Arabia, she allowed her visitor to photograph her, showing long breaded hair with her face uncovered not wearing a Abaya more like a dress. Which is still now a taboo thing to do in saudi arabia. The story of princess Fatima shows how women in the gulf had more freedom and power.

• Use either a personal example or an example from the media (newspapers, TV, film, web, social media) that explains your argument about the issue.
• Observe if you find confirmation or disconfirmation of your argument in the answers you got from your survey in class. Transcribe these answers verbatim in your paper.
• Explain what are the symbols (words that express a particular meaning, image, idea) from your own example and from the transcription of your survey answers that confirm or disconfirm your argumentFor

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS OR CONCLUSIONS. Consider these questions to write your conclusions and read carefully about your specific chosen perspective in the textbook (p.38 – 41)[1]:

For conflict theory – Who has the power? And what effect does that have on those who do not have power? For structural functionalism – What are the mechanism by which people contribute or disrupt social structure, social solidarity or social order? For symbolic interactionism – How do people enact, respond to and perpetuate social norms, what do these norms mean to them?

Sociological theory: A theory is a statement that describes how and why particular facts are related are related to each other. Sociological perspectives are complex theoretical and methodological frameworks that are used to analyze and explain objects of social study, and facilitate organizing sociological knowledge.

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

Notes about conflict theory and the analysis of institutions:

Conflict theory sees modern society as being constituted by power relations, where people’s lives are governed by conditions of conflict and inequality. For conflict theorists, social institutions do treat all people equally; institutions are instead instruments that help inequalities to prevail. Conflict theorists may search for evidence of how ethnic minorities, women, or people with lower income have less privileges and benefits. Institutions can manipulate some people to alienate others; they may do this to attain their goals by legitimating power relations.

Notes about symbolic interactionism and the analysis of institutions:

Institutions are important because they are the environments that help people follow routines. Institution can facilitate these routines, making adaptation easier for people. If the role expectations are fulfilled, and routines are well designed and respected people can feel trust, and they can solve daily problems. It is believed that families give you love and safety, so when you see interaction among family members, you may expect signs of of these qualities, you may observe what these signs are. Among friends, people are expected to express kinship, how is this kinship represented. If you are observing interaction in social media, for instance, and your argument is that it is changing social relations, you may provide examples (symbols, such as words, gestures) of the “new” forms of relations among friends in social media apps, how they react to each other and the meaning they give to things (a smile, a word, an emoticon). The institution you are looking at the micro level may be peer groups, who may use symbols common in mass media, for instance. You may see how the portrayal of social emotions (symbols such as profanity, violence or devotion) in mass media is similar to symbols you see in your data when people respond to one another or present themselves n public.

Notes about structural functionalism and the analysis of institutions:

Functionalism emphasizes how important social institutions are for the maintenance of social order and social systems. Quality institutions promote social integration. Institutions reinforce, regulate and maintain role expectations, rewards and punishment, power relations (hierarchies) and the values within social systems to maintain social equilibrium.

Social institutions:

Social institutions systems of behavioral and relationship patterns that are interrelated and endure over time across all of society. They regulate and structure people’s behavior in fundamental areas of society by transmitting and imposing social norms. Institutions have core (yet not exclusive, they may have more then one) functions.

Some institutions: a) regulate relations among people, b) transmit knowledge, c) establish social values and symbolic meanings, and d) the maintain order.

Examples of institutions whose core function is to regulate relations among people are:

The family: The family is a key social institution for socialization.

Peer groups: Peer groups develop as people grow older and increasingly participate in activities outside the family, they are important in a person’s development of a sense of identity of social acceptance. These are groups that often share social status, interests, beliefs or backgrounds, and people are often close in age. They can play a significant part in shaping personality, simply meeting someone we regard highly may change the direction of our lives.

Communities: These are groups of people that share occupations, neighborhoods, ethnicity, political views, cultural groups. They may or may not be formally organized (ethnic groups, LGBTQ community,senior living communities, professional communities, retirement communities, etc.) and can emerge when social change threatens to destroy traditionalism, and social solidarity

Examples of institutions whose core function is to transmit knowledge are:

The educational system (schools, colleges): Education is a key social institution that transmits and teaches skills and knowledge to individuals. Schooling, however, is a broader experience than learning what textbooks say. While students learn facts and skills, they also learn about participation in institutional life, so the institutional quality of a school matters because it can have great impact in our lives. The acceptance and assurance we may have from our family is not always present in schools because these are not intimate places. We need important social adjustments to successfully participate in institutional living.

Examples of institutions whose core function is to maintain order:

The government: Governments are a key social institutions composed by a ruling group of people entrusted to organize (executive power), produce (legislative power) and enforce (judicial system) the social rules of a society. They also regulate relations with other societies.

The economic and labor system: These institutions provide for the production and distribution of goods and services.

The medical system: These institutions address public health and the maintenance and provision of services to prevent disruptions in social order due to diseases and epidemics.

Examples of institutions whose core function is to establish social values and symbolic meanings:

Mass media: Mass media reproduces circulating symbolic codes and collective ideas in the form of opinions and representations of social actions.

Religion: Religion provides the normative standards of moral behavior by establishing which are the objects, beings and actions that must be considered sacred so they can be respected and protected.

sources

. Deffuant, Guillaume, Amblard, Frederic and Weisbuch, Gérard, (2002), How Can Extremism Prevail? a Study Based on the Relative Agreement Interaction Model

Özev, Muharrem Hilmi1. “Saudi Society and the State: Ideational and Material Basis.” Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 4, Fall2017, pp. 996-1017. EBSCOhost

WRITE ESSAY 5 PGS MUST HAVE SPSS TO OPEN SAV FILE READ INSTRUCTIONS EXAMPLE PAPER AND SAV FILE WILL BE UPLOAD

Paper II: Study One Methods, Results, and Discussion – Grading Rubric (35 points)

1). Title Page (5 points – 1 page)

Items of relevance:

Proper APA formatted Running head in header with page numbers

Student name and Institution

2). Methods Section (15 points)

Items of relevance:

a). Psychological Purpose: Your methods section will meet the psychological objectives for this section, including:

1). presenting all participant data

2). providing enough detail in your materials / procedure sections to help a reader who is unfamiliar with your methods know exactly what you did and how you did it. The reader should be able to replicate your study

b). APA Formatting Purpose: Your methods section will meet the APA formatting objectives for this section, including:

1). proper APA formatting for headings and subheadings, header, and page numbers. Statistics in the participant section are in APA format

3). Results Section (10 points)

Items of relevance:

a). Psychological Purpose: Your results section will meet the psychological objectives for this section, including:

1). presenting results in a clear manner by focusing on which independent and dependent variables are used in each analysis and which analysis is most appropriate for the data

b). APA Formatting Purpose: Your results section will meet the APA formatting objectives for this section, including:

1). proper reporting of statistical tests (including Chi-square and ANOVA values as well as means and standard deviations where appropriate)

4). Discussion – (2 points)

In this section, tell me about your findings and if they did or did not support your results. It might help to refer back to your hypotheses. No minimum length.

5). Writing Quality (3 points)

Items of relevance:

a). Writing Purpose: Your methods section will meet the writing objectives for this section, including:

1). proper grammar and spelling, clearly describing your methods / results

2). providing methods information that is not repetitive

Legal & Ethical Scenarios

Select two of the scenarios provided below. Analyze the facts in the scenarios and develop appropriate arguments/resolutions and recommendations using case law and scholarly sources. Do not copy the scenarios into the paper. Cite your sources in APA format on a separate page. Submit the paper to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned.

Scenario I: Employment Law

Carole Smith, an Apostolic Christian, worked as sales associate at Nickels Department Store. One afternoon, during a break, Smith participated in a conversation about God, homosexuality, and same-sex marriages. The next day, an employee told the manager that Smith made inappropriate comments about gays to Casey, a Nickels employee who was gay. Over the next five weeks, Nickels investigated the incident by interviewing and obtaining statements from employees who were present during the conversation. In his statement, Casey reported that Smith pointed her finger and said that God does not accept gays, that gays should not be allowed to marry or have children, and that they will burn in hell. Three employees confirmed Smith’s statements.

Nickels terminated Smith’s employment after concluding she had engaged in serious harassment in violation of its Discrimination and Harassment Prevention Policy. This policy, of which Smith was aware, prohibits employees from engaging in conduct that could reasonably be interpreted as harassment based on an individual’s status, including sexual orientation, and provides that employees who violate the policy will receive “coaching and/or other discipline, up to and including termination.” Nickels has “zero tolerance” for harassment “regardless of whether such conduct rises to the level of unlawful discrimination or harassment” and treats serious harassment as gross misconduct and grounds for immediate termination.

• Smith filed suit, alleging her termination for stating that gays should not marry and will go to hell—a belief that she maintains is an aspect of her Apostolic Christian faith—constitutes unlawful discrimination under Title VII. Is she correct?
• If Smith posted the same information on her Facebook page but omitted references to the specific employee, would the outcome of her lawsuit for wrongful termination change?

Scenario II: Professional Torts

Medical malpractice is negligence committed by a physician or a pharmacist. Present an actual case of medical malpractice filed in your state court system or in the federal district court in your state. You must read the actual case and not an article about the case. You may find the case by first reading the article by researching the South University Online Library or a scholarly source on the Internet, but you will need to read and cite the actual case to receive credit.

Accordingly, respond to the following questions:

• Summarize the facts of the case.
• Provide your state’s law or regulation relating to malpractice by physicians or pharmacists.
• Discuss the outcome of the case.
• Explain whether you agree with the verdict. Why or why not?

Scenario III: Agency, Employment and Torts

Brenda Byars, on her way to a business meeting and in a hurry, stopped at a Radio Shack to pick up a new car charger for her smartphone. There was a long line at one of the checkout counters, but a cashier, Phyllis Richmond, opened another counter and began loading the cash drawer. Byars told Richmond that she was in a hurry and asked Richmond to work faster. Instead, Richmond slowed her pace. At this point, Byars hit Richmond.

It is not clear whether Byars hit Richmond intentionally or, in an attempt to retrieve the car charger, hit her inadvertently. In response, Richmond grabbed Byars by the hair and hit her repeatedly in the back of the head, while Byars screamed for help. Management personnel separated the two women and questioned them about the incident. Richmond was terminated immediately for violating the store’s no-fighting policy. Byars sued Radio Shack, alleging that the store was liable for the tort (assault and battery) committed by its employee.

• Under what doctrine might Radio Shack be held liable for the tort committed by Richmond?
• What is the key factor in determining whether Radio Shack is liable under this doctrine?
• How is Radio Shack’s potential liability affected by whether Richmond’s behavior constituted an intentional tort or a tort of negligence?
• Suppose that when Richmond applied for the job at Radio Shack, she disclosed in her application that she had previously been convicted of felony assault and battery. Nevertheless, Radio Shack hired Richmond as a cashier. How might this fact affect Radio Shack’s liability for Richmond’s actions?

OVERVIEW:

Respond to four questions and solve three computational problems related to valuation of bonds.

RESOURCES:

Weaver, S. C., & Weston, J. F. (2001). Finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Sherman, E. H. (2011). Finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.). New York, NY: American Management Association.

Cornett, M., Adair, Y., & Nofsinger, J. (2014). M: Finance (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

INSTRUCTIONS:

Respond to the questions and complete the problems.

Questions:

In a Word document, respond to the following. Number your responses 1–4.

1. Explain what a call provision enables bond issuers to do. Why would bond issuers exercise a call provision?
2. Define a discount bond and a premium bond. Provide examples of each.
3. Describe the relationship between interest rates and bond prices.
4. Describe the differences between a coupon bond and a zero coupon bond.

Use references to support your responses as needed. Be sure to cite all references using correct APA style. Your responses should be free of grammar and spelling errors, demonstrating strong written communication skills.

Problems:

• In either a Word document or Excel spreadsheet, complete the following problems.
• You may solve the problems algebraically, or you may use a financial calculator or an Excel spreadsheet.
• If you choose to solve the problems algebraically, be sure to show your computations.
• If you use a financial calculator, show your input values.
• If you use an Excel spreadsheet, show your input values and formulas.
• In addition to your solution to each computational problem, you must show the supporting work leading to your solution to receive credit for your answer.

Compute the following:

1. Assuming semi-annual compounding, what is the price of a zero coupon bond that matures in 3 years if the market interest rate is 5.5 percent? Assume par value is $1000.
2. Using semi-annual compounding, what is the price of a 5 percent coupon bond with 10 years left to maturity and a market interest rate of 7.2 percent? Assume that interest payments are paid semi-annually and that par value is $1000.
3. Using semi-annual compounding, what is the yield to maturity on a 4.65 percent coupon bond with 18 years left to maturity that is offered for sale at $1,025.95? Assume par value is $1000.